First Evidence of Water Vapor at Jupiter’s Moon Ganymede– May Hold More Water Than All of Earth’s Oceans

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Artistic Impression of Ganymede

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This image provides an artist’s impression of Jupiter’s moonGanymede Astronomers have actually utilized archival datasets from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to expose the very first proof for water vapor in the environment of Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, the outcome of the thermal escape of water vapor from the moon’s icy surface area. Credit: ESA/Hubble, M. Garlick, A. Anpilogov

Astronomers have actually utilized archival datasets from the NASA/ ESA Hubble Space Telescope to expose the very first proof for water vapor in the environment of Jupiter‘s moon Ganymede, the outcome of the thermal escape of water vapor from the moon’s icy surface area.

Jupiter’s moon Ganymede is the biggest moon– and the ninth-largest item– in the SolarSystem It might hold more water than all of Earth’s oceans, however temperature levels there are so cold that water on the surface area freezes and the ocean lies approximately 160 kilometers listed below the crust. Nevertheless, where there is water there might be life as we understand it. Identifying liquid water on other worlds is vital in the look for habitable worlds beyondEarth And now, for the very first time, proof has actually been discovered for a sublimated water environment on the icy moon Ganymede.

In 1998, Hubble’s Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) took the very first ultraviolet (UV) photos of Ganymede, which exposed a specific pattern in the observed emissions from the moon’s environment. The moon shows auroral bands that are rather comparable to the auroral ovals observed on Earth and other worlds with electromagnetic fields. These images were for that reason illustrative proof that Ganymede has an irreversible electromagnetic field. The resemblances in between the 2 ultraviolet observations were discussed by the existence of molecular oxygen, O2. The distinctions were discussed at the time by the existence of atomic oxygen, O, which produces a signal that impacts one UV color more than the other.

Hubble’s View of Ganymede in 1996

This image provides Jupiter’s moon Ganymede as seen by the NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope in1996 Ganymede lies half a billion miles (over 600 million km) away, and Hubble can follow modifications on the moon and expose other attributes at ultraviolet and near-infrared wavelengths. Astronomers have actually now utilized brand-new and archival datasets from Hubble to expose proof of water vapor in the environment of Jupiter’s moon Ganymede for the very first time, which exists due to the thermal escape of water vapor from the moon’s icy surface area. Credit: NASA, ESA, John Spencer (SwRI Boulder)

As part of a big observing program to support NASA’s Juno objective in 2018, Lorenz Roth, of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, led a group that set out to record UV spectra of Ganymede with Hubble’s Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) instrument to determine the quantity of atomic oxygen. They performed a combined analysis of brand-new spectra taken in 2018 with the COS and archival images from the STIS instrument from 1998 and2010 To their surprise, and in contrast to the initial analyses of the information from 1998, they found there was barely any atomic oxygen in Ganymede’s environment. This suggests there need to be another description for the evident distinctions in between the UV aurora images.

Hubble’s Ultraviolet Observations of Ganymede in 1998

In 1998, Hubble’s Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph took these very first ultraviolet pictures of Ganymede, which exposed a specific pattern in the observed emissions from the moon’s environment. The moon shows auroral bands that are rather comparable to aurora ovals observed on Earth and other worlds with electromagnetic fields. This was an illustrative proof for the reality that Ganymede has an irreversible electromagnetic field. The resemblances in the ultraviolet observations were discussed by the existence of molecular oxygen. The distinctions were discussed at the time by the existence of atomic oxygen, which produces a signal that impacts one UV color more than the other. Credit: NASA, ESA, Lorenz Roth (KTH)

The description was then revealed by Roth and his group in the relative circulation of the aurorae in the 2 images. Ganymede’s surface area temperature level differs highly throughout the day, and around twelve noon near the equator it might end up being adequately warm that the icy surface area launches some percentages of water particles. In reality, the viewed distinctions in between the UV images are straight associated with where water would be anticipated in the moon’s environment.

“Initially only the O2 had been observed,” discussedRoth “This is produced when charged particles erode the ice surface. The water vapor that we have now measured originates from ice sublimation caused by the thermal escape of H2O vapor from warm icy regions.”

Artist’s Impression of a Sublimated Water Atmosphere on Ganymede

This image provides an artist’s impression infographic to highlight that astronomers have actually now utilized archival datasets from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to expose the very first proof for water vapor in the environment of Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, the outcome of the thermal escape of water vapor from the moon’s icy surface area. Credit: ESA/Hubble, J. daSilva

This finding includes anticipation to ESA’s upcoming JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) objective– the very first large-class objective in ESA’s Cosmic Vision 2015–2025 program. Planned for launch in 2022 and arrival at Jupiter in 2029, it will invest a minimum of 3 years making in-depth observations of Jupiter and 3 of its biggest moons, with specific focus on Ganymede as a planetary body and possibly habitable world. Ganymede was determined for in-depth examination due to the fact that it offers a natural lab for the analysis of the nature, advancement, and possible habitability of icy worlds in basic and the function it plays within the system of Galilean satellites, and its distinct magnetic and plasma interactions with Jupiter and its environment (referred to as the Jovian system).

Ganymede JunoCam Imager June 2021

This picture of Ganymede was gotten by the Juno Camera imager throughout Juno’s June 7, 2021, flyby of the icy moon. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ SwRI/MSSS

“Our results can provide the JUICE instrument teams with valuable information that may be used to refine their observation plans to optimize the use of the spacecraft,” includedRoth

Understanding the Jovian system and unraveling its history, from its origin to the possible introduction of habitable environments, will offer us with a much better understanding of how gas giant worlds and their satellites form and progress. In addition, brand-new insights will ideally be discovered into the capacity for the introduction of life in Jupiter- like exoplanetary systems.

For more on this research study, read Hubble Finds First Evidence of Water Vapor in the Atmosphere of Jupiter’s Moon Ganymede.

Reference: “A sublimated water atmosphere on Ganymede detected from Hubble Space Telescope observations” by Lorenz Roth, Nickolay Ivchenko, G. Randall Gladstone, Joachim Saur, Denis Grodent, Bertrand Bonfond, Philippa M. Molyneux and Kurt D. Retherford, 26 July 2021, Nature Astronomy
DOI: 10.1038/ s41550-021-01426 -9

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2rt15 qZ71 Cg

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The Hubble Space Telescope is a task of global cooperation in between ESA and NASA.

This image was taken as part of the HST observation programs GO-7939 (PI: H. Moos), GO-12244 (PI: J. Saur), and GO-14634 (PI: D. Grodent).

The outcomes have actually been released in NatureAstronomy The global group behind this paper includes L. Roth (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden), N. Ivchenko (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden), G. R. Gladstone (Southwest Research Institute, Texas, U.S.A.), J. Saur (Institut für Geophysik und Meteorologie, Germany), D. Grodent (Laboratoire de Physique Atmosph érique et Plan étaire, Belgium), B. Bonfond (Laboratoire de Physique Atmosph érique et Plan étaire, Belgium), P. M. Molyneux (Southwest Research Institute, Texas, U.S.A.), and K. D. Retherford (Southwest Research Institute, Texas, U.S.A.).